<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimopravo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Право и управление. XXI век</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of Law and Administration</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-8420</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-5736</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MGIMO</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/2073-8420-2017-1-42-31-36</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimopravo-33</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ «ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИВ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ЕВРОПЕ»</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE «POLITICAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN MODERN EUROPE»</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЕ  И ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ ПОНЯТИЯ “НЕЗАВИСИМОГО  ЮРИДИЧЕСКОГО  ЛИЦА”</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>EMERGENCE AND EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT “SEPARATE LEGAL PERSONALITY”</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шашкова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shashkova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шашкова Анна Владиславовна - кандидат юридических наук, доцент кафедры конституционного права МГИМО МИД России, адвокат, почетный консул Сан Винсента и Гренадин</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna Shashkova - Сandidate of Science (Law), Docent, Associate Professor with the Department of Constitutional Law, Moscow Region Bar Lawyer, Honorary Consul for St. Vincent and the Grenadines</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>МГИМО МИД России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>MGIMO-University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>09</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>31</fpage><lpage>36</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шашкова А.В., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шашкова А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shashkova A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://mgimopravo.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/33">https://mgimopravo.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/33</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Целью настоящей статьи является анализ возникновения и эволюции понятия «независимого юридического лица» в контексте тенденция политических и экономических преобразований в Европе.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Методологическую основу настоящей статьи   составляет диалектический метод познания социально-политических, юридических и организационных процессов с его принципами развития, целостности, системности и пр. Объект исследования предполагает широкое использование  метода  системного  анализа. В  статье  применяются некоторые  частнонаучные методы исследования: формальнологический, сравнительно-правовой для сопоставления выводов  судов  разных  инстанций по одному и тому же прецеденту. Целью настоящей статьи является установление корня проблемы и сравнение позиций оппонентов для поиска оптимального варианта решения вопроса.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты исследования</title><p>Результаты исследования. В результате проведенного исследования автор определяет, что исследование английского прецедента по делу «Саломон против Саломон и Ко». ставит вопрос о корпоративной ответственности, включая вопрос введения уголовной ответственности для юридических лиц, что крайне актуально в свете европейских политических и экономических трансформаций.</p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение и заключение</title><p>Обсуждение и заключение. Вопросом, который в настоящее время волнует и раскалывает юридическое и политическое сообщество Европы и России является вопрос о необходимости введения уголовной ответственности ля  юридических лиц.  Данный вопрос приобретает особую актуальность в связи с инициативой Государственной думы Российской  Федерации  о  необходимости введения уголовной ответственности для юридических лиц и противоположной позицией Федерального союза адвокатов.</p><p>Корпоративное преступление это опасный  феномен,  представляющий угрозу  в различных сферах деятельности: экономики и торговли, здоровье и безопасности на рабочем месте, защиты окружающей среды, прав человека и т.д. Вопрос о введении уголовной ответственности для  юридических лиц в некоторых государствах открыл теоретические обсуждения в разных областях: уголовное право, криминология, социология и социальная психология, экономика и иные.  Так как же все начиналось?</p><p>Настоящая статья посвящена анализу концепции «корпорация» как самостоятельного лица гражданского оборота. Автор рассматривает данную концепцию на примере английского прецедента по делу «Саломон против Саломон и Ко». Автор анализирует этапы прохождения данного процесса и выводы, полученные судами разных инстанций,  изменение как  резолютивной, так  и мотивировочной части судебного решения в зависимости от применяемого толкования. Проведенное исследование позволяет утверждать, что именно на этапе индустриального общества вырабатывается современное понимание корпорации как самостоятельной единицы гражданского оборота со всей совокупностью полномочий и обязанностей в свете европейских политических и экономических трансформаций.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The aim of the present Article is to analyze the emergence and evolution of the concept “separate legal personality” in line with the trends of political and economical changes in Europe.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. The methodological ground of the present Article represents the dialectic scientific method of research of the socio-political, legal and organizational processes with its principles of development, integrity, consistency, etc. The consistency analysis method is used while researching the object of the analysis. Some specific research methods are also used: formal-logical and comparative legal method are used to compare decisions of different courts on the same precedent. The aim of the present article is to find the root of the problem and compare positions of opponents in order to give recommendations for the solution of the problem.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The author makes a general conclusion that the precedent court judgement on the case «Salomon v. Salomon and Co. Ltd» raise the issue of corporate liability, including the problem of introducing criminal corporate liability that is of real importance in the light of political and economical transformation of Europe.</p><p>Discussion and Conclusions. One of the most disputable and controversial issues today in the legal and political society of Europe and the Russian Federation is a question of necessity of introduction of criminal liability for corporations. This issue is particularly troubling in the light of the State Duma of the Russian Federation’s initiative on necessity of criminalization of corporate liability and the Russian Federal Chamber of Lawyers’ strong opposition to this idea.</p><p>Corporate crime is a serious phenomenon, which produces high level of social danger in many fields – economy and trade, health and safety at workplace, environmental protection, human rights and others. Introducing criminal liability of legal persons in some nation-states has opened theoretical debates in various academic disciplines, such as criminal law, criminology, sociology and social psychology, economic science and others. So, how did it all start?</p><p>The article focuses on different theoretical approaches towards the emergence of the concept of “corporation” as a separate entity in the civil relations. The author gives a review of such concept using the example of the precedent «Salomon v. Salomon and Co. Ltd». The present research comes to the following conclusion: exactly at the stage of industrial society the current concept of the corporation as a separate entity emerged with the necessary scope of rights and liabilities in the light of political and economic transformation of Europe.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>корпоративная ответственность</kwd><kwd>уголовная ответственность</kwd><kwd>корпоративное преступление</kwd><kwd>Саломон</kwd><kwd>независимое юридическое лицо</kwd><kwd>компания</kwd><kwd>корпорация</kwd><kwd>Палата лордов</kwd><kwd>судебное решение</kwd><kwd>прецедент</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>corporate liability</kwd><kwd>criminal liability</kwd><kwd>corporate crime</kwd><kwd>Salomon</kwd><kwd>separate entity</kwd><kwd>company</kwd><kwd>corporation</kwd><kwd>House of Lords</kwd><kwd>court decision</kwd><kwd>precedent</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bequali August. White Collar Crime: A 20th Century Crisis. Lexington Books, Lexington, Massachusetts. 1978.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bequali August. White Collar Crime: A 20th Century Crisis. Lexington Books, Lexington, Massachusetts. 1978.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bloch H. Ruth. Corporations and the Fourteenth Amendment, UCLA. 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bloch H. Ruth. Corporations and the fourteenth Amendment, UCLA. 2013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Croal H. Victims of White-Collar and Corporate Crime, 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Croal H. Victims of White-Collar and Corporate Crime, 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dignam A. Company Law, Oxford University Press, 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dignam A. Company Law, Oxford University Press, 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galbraith J. K. The New Industrial State, Princeton University Press, 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galbraith J. K. The new Industrial State, Princeton University Press, 2007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Golubtsov V.G., Anatolyevna K.O. Russian Federation as the Subject of the Civil Liability. World Applied Sciences Journal. 2013. t. 24. № 1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golubtsov V.G., Anatolyevna K.O. Russian Federation  as the Subject of the Civil Liability. World Applied Sciences Journal. 2013. Vol. 24. № 1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goulding S. Company Law, Cavendish Publishing Limited. London, Sydney. 1999. 2nd edition.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goulding S. Company Law, Cavendish Publishing Limited. London, Sydney. 1999. 2nd edition.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grantham R. Corporate personality in the 20th Century, Hart Publishing. Oxford, 1998.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grantham R. Corporate personality in the 20th Century, Hart Publishing. Oxford, 1998.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Greenberg, J.D., Brotman, E.C. Strict vicarious criminal liability for corporations and corporate executives: Stretching the boundaries of criminalization. American Criminal Law Review. 2014. 51(1).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Greenberg, J.D., Brotman, E.C. Strict vicarious criminal liability for corporations and corporate executives: Stretching the boundaries of criminalization. American Criminal Law Review. 2014. 51(1).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lehman, C.R., Okcabol, F. Accounting for crime. Critical Perspectives on Accounting. 2005. 16(5).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lehman, C.R., Okcabol, F. Accounting for crime. Critical Perspectives on Accounting. 2005. 16(5).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Маслова Е.А. Политика Италии: от экспансионизма к глобальным интересам. Обозреватель – Observer. 2016. № 7 (318).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maslova E.A. Politika Italii: ot jekspansionizma k global’nym interesam [Italian Politics: from expansionisn to global interests]. Observer. 2016. № 7 (318).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nagy D., Criminalization of Corporate Law: The Impact of Criminal Sanctions on Corporate Misconduct. 2 J. Bus. &amp; Tech. I. 2007 URL: http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nagy D., Criminalization of Corporate Law: The Impact of Criminal Sanctions on Corporate Misconduct. 2 J. Bus. &amp; Tech. I. 2007. URL: http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Padfield, S.J. Finding state action when corporations govern. Temple Law Review. 2009. 82(3).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Padfield, S.J. Finding state action when corporations govern. Temple Law Review. 2009. 82(3).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pearce F. The Contribution of ‘‘left realism’’ to the study of commercial crime, in B. McLean and J. Lowman (eds), Realist Criminology: Crime Control and Policing in the 1990s. Toronto, 1992.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pearce F. The contribution of ‘‘left realism’’ to the study of commercial crime, in B. McLean and J. Lowman (eds), Realist Criminology: Crime Control and Policing in the 1990s. Toronto, 1992.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pulbrook A., The Companies Act, 1862, with analytical references and copious index. Effigham Wison .1865.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pulbrook A., The Companies Act, 1862, with analytical references and copious index. Effigham Wison .1865.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ракитская И.А. Общая характеристика законодательного процесса в зарубежных странах. Законодательный процесс в зарубежных странах: учеб. пособие / Под ред. Ю.И. Лейбо. М., 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rakitskaja I.A. Obshhaja harakteristika zakonodatel’nogo processa v zarubezhnyh stranah [The General Characteristics of the Legislative Process Abroad]. Moscow, 2012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ttanzi, Vito. Uses and abuses of estimates of the underground economy. Economic Journal. ed. 109. UK. 1999.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">tanzi, Vito. ‘Uses and abuses of estimates of the underground economy’. Economic Journal. Ed. 109. UK. 1999.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ttanzi, V. Dollars, euros, and debt: How we got into the fiscal crisis, and how we get out of it. 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ttanzi, V. Dollars, euros, and debt: How we got into the fiscal crisis, and how we get out of it. 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Туманов В.А. Половченко К.А. Конституционные основы судебной власти. / Конституционное право зарубежных стран: учебник / Под общ. ред М.В. Баглая, Ю.И. Лейбо, Л.М. Энтина. М., 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tumanov  V.A., Polovchenko K.A. Konstitucionnye osnovy sudebnoj vlasti [Constitutional Bases of Judicial Power]. Konstitucionnoe pravo zarubezhnyh stran: uchebnik [Constituional Law of foreign Countries]. ed. by M.V. Baglai, Ju.I. Lejbo, L.M. Jentin. Moscow, 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шашкова А.В. Криминализация корпоративной ответственности // Политика, государство и право. 2015. № 8 (44).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shashkova A.V. Kriminalizacija korporativnoj otvetstvennosti [Criminalization of Corporate Responsibility]. Politics, the State and the Law. 2015. № 8 (44).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shashkova A.V. Financial &amp; Legal Aspects of Doing Business in Russia. 2011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shashkova A.V. Financial &amp; Legal Aspects of Doing Business in Russia. Aspect-Press. 2011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shashkova A.V. Study Manual on Bases of Russian Law, Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shashkova A.V. Study Manual on Bases of Russian Law, Cambridge Scholars Publishing. 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shashkova A.V. Russian Specifics in Combating Corruption. Kutafin University Law Review. 2015. Volume 2. Issue 1 (3).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shashkova A.V. Russian Specifics in Combating Corruption. Kutafin University Law Review. 2015. Volume 2. Issue 1 (3).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schumpeter J.A., (first published in 1934) The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest and the Business Cycle. 2008.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schumpeter J.A., (first published in 1934) The Theory of economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest and the Business CyclE. 2008.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
