<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimopravo</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Право и управление. XXI век</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Journal of Law and Administration</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2073-8420</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-5736</issn><publisher><publisher-name>MGIMO</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/2073-8420-2018-2-47-48-59</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimopravo-94</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРАВО В СОВРЕМЕННОМ МИРЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LAW IN THE PRESENT-DAY WORLD</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Актуальные международно-правовые вопросы разрешения споров в области космической деятельности</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Ugent International Legal Issues of Settling Disputes in the Field of Space Activities</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3231-8489</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юзбашян</surname><given-names>М. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yusbashyan</surname><given-names>M. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Юзбашян Мариам Романовна, кандидат юридических наук, старший преподаватель кафедры междуна­родного права</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mariam Yusbashyan,  Candidate of Science (Law), Senior Lectur­er, Department of International Law</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">m_you@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>МГИМО МИД России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>MGIMO-University under the MFA Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2018</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>10</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>48</fpage><lpage>59</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Юзбашян М.Р., 2018</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Юзбашян М.Р.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Yusbashyan M.R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://mgimopravo.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/94">https://mgimopravo.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/94</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Международное космическое право («МКП») характеризуется отсутствием специализированной комплексной системы разрешения споров («СКСРС»). При этом отсутствие СКСРС не оказало негативного влияния ни на развитие МКП, ни космической деятельности («КД»), однако этот факт не исключает необходимости ее разработки. В статье анализируются факторы, потенциально влияющие на возрастание количества споров в данной области, способы и методы «управления рисками» возникновения споров, а также суще­ствующие отраслевые и межотраслевые механизмы разрешения споров в обла­сти КД в призме особенностей МКП.  </p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Теоретическую основу исследования составили работы ведущих юристов-международников, специализирующихся в области МКП, а также материалы различных конференций по МКП; аналитическую базу – Устав ООН, договоры ООН по космосу, резолюции ГА ООН, а также фа­культативные правила Постоянной палаты третейского суда («ППТС») 1997 и 2011 гг. Основными методами исследования являются методы формальной логики, включая анализ, синтез, аналогию и моделирование, а также систем­ный, сравнительно-правовой и метод толкования.  </p></sec><sec><title>Результаты исследования</title><p>Результаты исследования. В результате проведенного анализа выявлено, что: 1) особенности МКП, включая наличие открытых вопросов, как и тен­денции развития КД, оказывают непосредственное влияние на возрастание ри­сков возникновения международных споров; 2) особенности ответственности в МКП хотя и могут повлиять на рост количества споров, с одной стороны, с другой – в своей совокупности, они способствуют и предотвращению возмож­ных споров; 3) на настоящем этапе эффективное применение и потенциальное сочетание существующих средств разрешения споров могут привести к на­хождению новых средств, которые будут способны заполнить правовой вакуум, созданный отсутствием СКСРС в МКП.  </p></sec><sec><title>Обсуждение и заключение</title><p>Обсуждение и заключение. Для целей снижения рисков возникновения споров и оптимального урегулирования уже возникших: 1) обоснована необхо­димость первоочередного согласования открытых вопросов МКП на договорной основе; 2) определены методы «управления рисками» возникновения споров в кон­тексте особенностей ответственности в МКП; 3) выявлено, что обращение к системе разрешения споров в рамках ППТС позволяет как учесть особенности современной КД и необходимости ее комплексного правового регулирования, так и эффективно использовать и сочетать в рамках единой системы различ­ные средства разрешения и, возможно, предотвращения споров, в частности, учреждение следственных комиссий по установлению фактов; 4) уточнено, что в долгосрочной перспективе оптимальным представляется согласование СКСРС на договорной основе.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. International space law (“ISL”) does not provide a specialized coherent system of dispute settlement (“SCSDS”). Up to now the ab­sence of such a system has had no negative impact on development of either ISL, or space activity (“SA”), however this fact does not exclude the necessity of elaboration of SCSDS. The article analyzes factors potentially influencing increase in the number of space related disputes, methods of “risk manage­ment” of occurrence of disputes, as well as existing general and sectoral dispute resolution mechanisms applicable to space activities within the context of specific features of ISL.  </p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The theoretical back­ground of this research consists of works of distin­guished scholars and specialists in ISL as well as ma­terials of diverse conferences on ISL. The analytical framework includes the UN Charter, the UN treaties on outer space, relevant UN GA resolutions, as well as the Permanent Court of Arbitration optional rules of 1997 and 2011. The research is based on methods such as formal logic, including analysis, synthesis, analogy and modeling, as well as systematic, com­parative and interpretation.  </p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Following the analysis, it is found that: 1) specific features of ISL, including the existence of unsettled legal issues, as well as the trends in the SA development directly impact the increase in risks of occurrence of international disputes; 2) although specific features of responsibility and liability in ISL can impact the increase in the number of disputes, on the one hand, on the other – cumulatively they contribute to prevention of potential disputes; 3) at the present stage effective application and potential combination of the existing means of dispute resolu­tion may lead to finding of new means that might be able to fill in the legal vacuum created by the absence of SCSDS in ISL.  </p><p>Discussions and conclusion. To reduce risks of dispute occurrence and effective resolution of the existing disputes the following conclusions and rec­ommendations are provided on: 1) the primary ne­cessity of regulation of the unsettled issues of ISL; 2) the determination of methods of “risk management” of the dispute occurrence in the context of the specific features of ISL; 3) the use of the PCA dispute reso­lution system that allows taking into account both the specific features of the contemporary SA and the necessity of its coherent legal regulation, as well as effectively using and combining diverse means of dispute resolution, in particular, establishment of fact-finding commissions of inquiry; 4) in the longer term – the necessity of establishment of SCSDS on a treaty basis.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>космическая деятельность</kwd><kwd>разрешение международных споров</kwd><kwd>международное космическое право</kwd><kwd>ответственность государств</kwd><kwd>запускающее государство</kwd><kwd>«управление рисками» возникновения споров</kwd><kwd>арбитраж</kwd><kwd>установление</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>space activity</kwd><kwd>settlement of international disputes</kwd><kwd>international space law</kwd><kwd>international responsibility and liability of States</kwd><kwd>launching state</kwd><kwd>“risk management” of dispute occurrence</kwd><kwd>arbitration</kwd><kwd>fact-finding</kwd><kwd>Permanent Court of Arbitration</kwd><kwd>specialized coherent system of dispute settlement</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жуков Г.П. Космическое право. М., 1966.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhukov G.P., 1966. Kosmicheskoe pravo [Space Law]. Moscow.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Колосов Ю.М. Ответственность в международном праве. М., 2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolosov Yu.M., 2014. Otvetstvennost’ v mezhdunarodnom prave [Responsibility and Liability in International Law]. Moscow.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Колосов Ю.М. Глава X. Ответственность в международном космическом праве // Международное космическое право / Отв. редакторы Г.П. Жуков и Ю.М. Колосов. М., 1999.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolosov Yu.M., 1999. Chapter X. Otvetstvennost’ v mezhdunarodnom kosmicheskom prave [Responsibility and Liability in International Space Law]. Mezhdunarodnoe kosmicheskoe pravo [International Space Law]. Eds. G.P. Zhukov and Yu.M. Kolosov. Moscow.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Колосов Ю.М., Юзбашян М.Р. Вклад российской (советской) юриспруденции в становление и развитие международного космического права // Московский журнал международного права. 2015. № 2 (98).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolosov Yu.M., Yuzbashyan M.R., 2015. Vklad rossiiskoi (sovetskoi) yurisprudentsii v stanovlenie i razvitie mezhdunarodnogo kosmicheskogo prava [Contribution of Russian (Soviet) Jurisprudence to Formation and Development of International Space Law]. Moscow Journal of International Law. №. 2 (98).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Молодцова Е.С. Мирное урегулирование международных споров в области космической деятельности // Автореферат дис. … канд. юрид. наук. 12.00.10. Дипломатическая академия МИД СССР. М., 1986.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Molodcova E.S., 1986. Mirnoe uregulirovanie mezhdunarodnyh sporov v oblasti kosmicheskoj deyatel’nosti. Diss... kand. yur. nauk. [Peaceful Settlement of Disputes in the Field of Space Activities: Cand. Sci. Thesis Absract]. Moscow.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Юзбашян М.Р. Международно-правовые основы решения экономических проблем использования космоса // Дис. … канд. юрид. наук: 12.00.10. М., 2009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yuzbashyan M.R., 2009. Mezhdunarodno-pravovye osnovy resheniya ekonomicheskikh problem ispol’zovaniya kosmosa. Diss... kand. yur. Nauk [International Legal Framework for Solution of Economic Problems in the Use of Outer Space. Cand. Sci. Thesis]. Moscow.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Юзбашян М.Р. Закон СШАоб исследовании и использовании космических ресурсов 2015 г. и международное космическое право // Московский журнал международного права. 2017. № 2 (106).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yuzbashyan M.R., 2017. Zakon SShA ob issledovanii i ispol’zovanii kosmicheskikh resursov 2015 g. imezhdunarodnoe kosmicheskoe parvo [The US Space Resource Exploration and Utilization Act of 2015 and the International Space Law]. Moscow Journal of International Law. № 2 (106).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berkman P.A., Vylegzhanin A. N., Moduit J.-C., Yuzbashyan M. R. International Space Law: Russia-United States Common Challenges and Perspectives // Moscow Journal of International Law. 2018. № 1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berkman P.A., Vylegzhanin A.N., Moduit J.-C., Yuzbashyan M.R. International Space Law: Russia-United States Common Challenges and Perspectives. Moscow Journal of International Law. 2018. № 1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Christol С. Q. The International Law of Outer Space // U.S. Naval War College International Law Studies 1962. Vol. LV. U.S. Government Printing Office, WA. 1966.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Christol С.Q. The International Law of Outer Space. U.S. Naval War College International Law Studies. 1962, Vol. LV. U.S. Government Printing Office, WA. 1966.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diederiks-Verschoor I.H.Ph. The Settlement of Disputes in Space: New Developments // Journal of Space Law. TwentyFifth Anniversary. Vol. 26. № 1. 1998.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diederiks-Verschoor I.H.Ph., 1998. The Settlement of Disputes in Space: New Developments. Journal of Space Law. Twenty-Fifth Anniversary. Vol. 26. № 1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goh G. M. Dispute Settlement in International Space Law. A Multi-Door Courthouse for Outer Space. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers: Leiden, Boston. 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goh G.M., 2007. Dispute Settlement in International Space Law. A Multi-Door Courthouse for Outer Space. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers: Leiden, Boston.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gorove S. Cosmos 954 and the Question of Liability // Proceedings of the Twenty-First Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space (1978). 1979.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorove S., 1979. Cosmos 954 and the Question of Liability. Proceedings of the Twenty-First Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space (1978).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gorove S. Cases on Space Law: Texts, Comments and References // Journal of Space Law Inc., Space Law and Policy Books Ser. No.1. 1996.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorove S., 1996. Cases on Space Law: Texts, Comments and References. Journal of Space Law Inc., Space Law and Policy Books Ser. No. 1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jankowitsch P. The Background and History of Space Law // Handbook of Space Law. Ed. by Frans von der Dunk with Fabio Tronchetti. Cheltenham and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing. 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jankowitsch P., 2015. The Background and History of Space Law. Handbook of Space Law. Ed. by Frans von der Dunk with Fabio Tronchetti. Cheltenham and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kerrest A. Liability Convention and National Licensing Systems // Proceedings of the United Nations / Korean Workshop on Space Law: United Nations Treaties on Outer Space: Actions at the National Level (2003). United Nations: New York. 2004. UN Doc. ST/SPACE/22 // http://www.unoosa.org.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kerrest A. Liability Convention and National Licensing Systems. Proceedings of the United Nations/Korean Workshop on Space Law: United Nations Treaties on Outer Space: Actions at the National Level (2003). United Nations: New York. 2004. UN Doc. ST/SPACE/22 URL: http://www.unoosa.org</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kolosov Yu.M. Commentary Paper to the Exist¬ing United Nations Treaties: Strength and Needs (Session 1) // Proceedings of the Workshop on Space Law in the Twenty-first Century, UNISPACE IIII Technical Forum, Vienna, Austria, July 1999. UN Doc. ST/SPACE/2. 2000 // http://www.unoosa.org.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolosov Yu.M. Commentary Paper to the Existing United Nations Treaties: Strength and Needs (Session 1). Proceedings of the Workshop on Space Law in the Twenty-first Century, UNISPACE IIII Technical Forum, Vienna, Austria, July 1999. UN Doc. ST/SPACE/2. 2000. URL:http://www.unoosa.org</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kolosov Yu.M. The Role of the International Law Commission. Making Better International Law: The International Law Commission at 50: Proceedings of the United Nations Colloquium on Progressive Development and Codification of International Law. United Nations. New-York. 1998.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolosov Yu.M. The Role of the International Law Commission. Making Better International Law: The International Law Commission at 50: Proceedings of the United Nations Colloquium on Progressive Development and Codification of International Law. United Nations. New-York. 1998.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kopal V. Discussion paper to the Existing United Nations Treaties: Strength and Needs (Session 1) // Proceedings of the Workshop on Space Law in the Twenty-first Century, UNISPACE IIII Technical Forum, Vienna, Austria, July 1999. UN Doc. ST/SPACE/2. 2000 // http://www.unoosa.org.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kopal V. Discussion paper to the Existing United Nations Treaties: Strength and Needs (Session 1). Proceedings of the Workshop on Space Law in the Twenty-first Century, UNISPACE IIII Technical Forum, Vienna, Austria, July 1999. UN Doc. ST/SPACE/2. 2000. URL: http:// www.unoosa.org.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">von der Dunk F.G. Liability versus Responsibility in Space Law: Misconception or Misconstruction? // Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space (1991). Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 1992.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">von der Dunk F.G. Liability versus Responsibility in Space Law: Misconception or Misconstruction? Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space (1991). Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 1992.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">von der Dunk F. G. Space for Dispute Settlement Mechanisms – Dispute Resolution Mechanisms for Space? A few legal considerations // Proceedings of the Forty-Fourth Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space (2001). Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 2002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">von der Dunk F. G. Space for Dispute Settlement Mechanisms – Dispute Resolution Mechanisms for Space? A few legal considerations. Proceedings of the Forty-Fourth Colloquium on the Law of Outer Space (2001). Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 2002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Williams M. Dispute Resolution Regarding Space Activities // Handbook of Space Law. Ed. by Frans von der Dunk with Fabio Tronchetti. Cheltenham and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing. 2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Williams M. Dispute Resolution Regarding Space Activities// Handbook of Space Law. Ed. by Frans von der Dunk with Fabio Tronchetti. Cheltenham and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing. 2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yuzbashyan M. Potential Uniform International Legal Framework for Regulation of Private Space Activities. // New Perspectives on Space Law. Proceedings of the 53rd IISL Colloquium on The Law of Outer Space, Young Scholars Session, 2010. Ed. by M. J. Sundahl and V. Gopalakrishnan. 2011 // http://iislwebo.wwwnlss1.a2hosted.com.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yuzbashyan M. Potential Uniform International Legal Framework for Regulation of Private Space Activities. New Perspectives on Space Law. Proceedings of the 53rd IISL Colloquium on The Law of Outer Space, Young Scholars Session, 2010. Ed. by M. J. Sundahl and V. Gopalakrishnan. 2011. URL: http://iislwebo.wwwnlss1.a2hosted.com</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
