Anti-Russian Propaganda, Anti-Slavism, and the Russo Odium of Marx And Engels during the Spring of Nations and the Crimean War

Introduction. The article analyzes the antiRussian activities of Marx and Engels during the "Spring of Nations" (1848-1849) and the Crimean War (1853-1856). The subject of the study is the texts of Marx and Engels before 1847, the period of the "Union of Communists" (1847-1852), the period of the Crimean War and the Paris Congress (1853- 1856), as well as some later texts. The aim of the study is to take a new look at the role of Marx and Engels in the information war against the Russian Empire, to identifying signs of the identity of the antiRussian strategies and goals of the Communists (the counter-elite of Western civilization), (counter-elites of Western civilization), the most aggressive representatives of the military and political elites of the British Empire towards Russia, and the international financial consortium formed after the Vienna Congress with headquarters in London, which became after the Napoleonic Wars, the center of Western civilization.

Materials and methods. The research is based on the collected works of Marx and Engels in Russian and German; the testimonies of contemporaries of The Spring of the Peoples and the Crimean War; several modern biographical monographs by Western authors; domestic and Western studies on the Crimean War and other materials. The research methodology is based on a civilizational approach in the context of a systematic analysis of international relations. Within the framework of this methodology, the following methods were also used to analyze the factual material: historical-genetic method (retrospective analysis), comparative-historical method, historical-biographical method, descriptive method, prosopographic method, and textual analysis.

Research results. The results obtained allow us to take a new look at the participation of Marx and Engels in the information war of Western civilization against Russian civilization during the Crimean War; to clarify the periods of their anti-Russian propaganda activities. Taking these data into account, the genesis of Marx and Engels' anti-Slavic and antiRussian attitudes is presented in a new light.

Discussion and conclusion. The article identifies the prerequisites and causes of the formation of the anti-Russian paradigm of the West, which was fully established by the beginning of the Crimean War, and the role of Marx and Engels in shaping this paradigm. The term "russo odium" is proposed to describe the West's hatred towards Russia and the Russians. Parallels are drawn with the current information war of the West against Russia. Many of the research findings are presented for the first time.

1. Arendt H., 2020. Istoki totalitarizma [The Origins of totalitarianism]. Moscow.

2. Bakunin M.A., 1920. Sobranie sochinenij. [Collected works]. Vol. 3. Moscow.

3. Gercen A.I., 1956. Sobranie sochinenij v 30 tomakh [Collected works in 30 volumes]. Vol. 11. Moscow.

4. Danilevskij N.Ya., 2011. Rossiya i Evropa [Russia and Europe]. Moscow.

5. Zajonchkovskij A.M., 2002. Vostochnaya Vojna 1853-1856 [The Eastern War of 1853-1856]. Saint Peterburg.

6. Ivanova G.M., 2006. Istoriya GULAGa, 1918-1958: social'no-ehkonomicheskij i politiko-pravovoj aspekty [The History of the GULAG, 1918 - 1958: socio-economic, political and legal aspects]. Moscow.

7. Kejns D.M., 2022. Obshchaya teoriya zanyatosti procenta i deneg. Izbrannoe [The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money: Selected Works]. Moscow.

8. Kropotkin P.A., 1979. Velikaya francuzskaya revolyuciya 1789-1793 [The Great French Revolution, 1789-1793]. Moscow.

9. Lyuksemburg R., 1934. Nakoplenie kapitala [The Accumulation of Capital]. Moscow.

10. Marks K., Engel’s F., 2024. Krymskaya vojna. Materialy iz gazetnykh statej [The Crimean War. Materials from newspaper articles]. In 3 volumes. Ed. by N. Timoshenko. Moscow.

11. Marks Κ., Engel’s F., 1974. Manifest Kommunisticheskoj partii [Manifesto of the Communist Party]. Moscow.

12. Marks K., Engel’s F., 1955-1975. Sochineniya [The Essays]. Moscow.

13. Pareto V., 2007. Kompendium po obshchej sociologii [Compendium of General Sociology]. Moscow.

14. Piketti T., 2016. Kapital v 21 veke [Capital in the Twenty-First Century]. Moscow.

15. Soyuz kommunistov.1836-1849. Sbornik dokumentov. (1977) [Union of Communists. 1836-1849: A Collection of Documents]. Moscow.

16. Tarle E.V., 2024. Krymskaya vojna. V 2 tomakh [The Crimean War. In 3 volumes]. Moscow.

17. Toynbee A., 2019. Postizhenie istorii [A Study of History]. Moscow.

18. Figes O., 2021. Krym. Poslednij krestovyj pokhod [Crimea: The Last Crusade]. Moscow.

19. Hantington, S., 2003. Stolknovenie civilizacij [The Clash of Civilizations]. Moscow.

20. Chimarov S.Yu., 2015. Marks i Ehngel's o Rossii i russkoj armii v Krymskoj vojne 1853-1856 gg. [Marx and Engels on Russia and the Russian army in the Crimean War of 1853-1856]. Upravlencheskoe konsul'tirovanie. [Management Consulting]. № 2.

21. Spengler O., 2017. Zakat Zapadnogo mira [The decline of the West]. Moscow.

22. Ashton R., 1986. Little Germany: Exile and Asylum in Victorian England.

23. Bauer B., 1854. Russia and England.

24. Berkholz G., 1877. The Testament of Peter the Great: An Invention of Napoleon I.

25. Evans G.L., 1828. On the Design of Russia.

26. Gleason J.H., 1950. The Genesis of Russophobia in Great Britain: A Study of the Interaction of Policy and Opinion.

27. Marx-Engels Jahrbuch-2011 [Marx-Engels Yearbook - 2011]. Berlin, 2012.

28. Marx К. und Engels F., 1963. Werke [Works]. Berlin.

29. Porter B., 1979. The Refugee Question in Mid-Victorian Politics

30. Rambaud A., 1878. Histoire de la Russie depuis les origines jusqu'à l'année 1877 [History of Russia from Its Origins to 1877]. Paris, 1878.

31. Séguin P., 2011. Louis Napoléon le grand [Louis Napoleon the Great]. Paris.

32. Sperber J.,2013. Karl Marx: A Nineteenth-Century Life. London.

33. The Later Correspondence of Lord John Russell 1840-1878. Vol. II. London, 1925.

34. The Unknown Karl Marx: Documents Concerning Karl Marx Edited with an Introduction by Robert Payne. New York, 1971.

35. Wermuth K.G.L., & Stieber W., 2021. The Communists' Conspiracies of the Nineteenth Century: First Part 1853. Print by A. W. Hahn. Translation by I. McGillivray. Berlin.