Introduction. The transformation of the world order has been one of the main topics of political research since the 1990s. Nevertheless, the dominant approaches are characterized by a certain one-dimensionality. In the scientific and expert discourse, predominant attention is paid to the prospects of forming a new configuration of great powers on the world stage, i.e. a new iteration of the world order based on the state-centered (Westphalian) paradigm. Meanwhile, in the last thirty to fifty years, in addition to a significant change in the world political actor lineup, the state itself has been undergoing profound structural changes, and other actors are also acquiring a new quality. And an important element of this institutional dynamics of states is associated with the processes of subnationalization, which can be understood as the strengthening of the political subjectivity of subnational regions and local communities. And this has not only domestic political, but also an in-creasingly tangible international political dimension. How does the subnational factor (subnationalization) affect the transformation of the world order and the problem of development?

Materials and Methods. Data from different political-geographical areas and different spheres of subnational political activity are used. The range of case studies presented is intended to demonstrate the significance of the subnational factor in a wide variety of societies and diverse states. It is important to emphasize that subnationalization is not a Western phenomenon, as it is often inertially presented in academic discourse. Also, subnationalization is less and less tied to federalism as the most appropriate type of state structure. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study consists of the actor approach and the comparative method for comparing processes in different subnational regions. Elements of identity theory are also applied.

Results of the study. Subnationalization is a phenomenon related, but not reducible to regionalization. It is related to the problem of global and country socio-political development. The crisis of numerous sustainable development programs generates alternative concepts, which are also influenced by the subnational factor.

Discussion and conclusion. The author concludes that sub-nationalization is an independent phenomenon and trend that should be taken into account in the analysis of current processes and projecting scenarios of world development. At the same time, sub-nationalization correlates with the problem of development in a binary way, being both a resource and a tool. Both socio-political development of specific societies and world political evolution will increasingly rely on the subnational factor.

Introduction. Humanitarian crises in the conflicts of recent decades directly affect the security of not only neighbouring states, but also undermine the established system of humanitarian cooperation between states. Non-state actors: terrorist organizations, separatist groups, protest movements, paramilitary religious groups and others that participate in conflicts and choose violent measures, complicate the resolution of conflicts. Despite the fact that all parties to the conflict are obliged to comply with the norms of international humanitarian law, both states and non-state actors are increasingly moving away from the principles of humane treatment of the civilian population. Each of the parties puts forward its own justifications for the indiscriminate approach.

Materials and methods. The study is based on the case study method. An analysis of the changes in the provision of humanitarian aid to the civilian population during the humanitarian crisis in the Gaza Strip makes it possible to draw conclusions about the current trends in the development of the humanitarian sphere as a whole. The author used materials from Russian and foreign media, UN and INGO reports, and international treaties.

Reseach results. The conflict complicated the peace process, normalization of relations between Israel and Arab states, and also exposed the problem of politicization of humanitarian aid. Politicization manifested itself not only in the assessment of the conflict itself, which has long divided the world community, but first of all, for the first time, it had such a large-scale impact on the UN humanitarian aid institutions and various INGOs. The politicization of the conflict also resulted in the manifestation of a "cancel culture", which stigmatized the parties to the conflict and complicated the activities of humanitarian organizations in providing assistance to the civilian population.

Discussion and conclusion. However, the most serious consequences are not only in the area of worsening the humanitarian situation, threats to civilians and employees of intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations involved in providing humanitarian aid to the affected population, collecting information on the situation of civilians, the balance of power and compliance with international humanitarian law, but also in the area of compliance with the principles of humanitarian aid themselves. The humanitarian community is divided between those who support Israel's position and its stated "right to self-defense" and those who advocate for its accountability along with Hamas for what the UN SecretaryGeneral called "excessive use of force". An analysis of the impact of humanitarian crisis in the Gaza Strip on the process of conflict resolution is of great scientific interest, and its results can enrich knowledge not only about the peace process itself, but also about the role of humanitarian sphere in world politics.

Introduction. One of the significant features of the mechanism of legal regulation in the 21st century is the inclusion of traditional Russian spiritual and moral values, one of which is patriotism, in the object field of legal regulation. Despite the very convincing grounds for this, the state, and, consequently, legal strategy in the sphere of preserving and strengthening traditional spiritual and moral values and patriotic upbringing, in particular, needs both conceptualization and systematization.

Materials and methods. The presented study used both general scientific and specific scientific methods of cognition of the legal life of modern Russian society, among which we can highlight dialectical, structural-functional, systemic, formal-dogmatic, legal modeling, etc.

The results of the study. The paper offers the author's vision of the essence and content of legal policy in the sphere of patriotic upbringing, demonstrates its significant potential in creating an effective mechanism for legal regulation of relations related to the formation of love and respect for the Motherland, a sense of loyalty to it, readiness to protect its interests and contribute to the strengthening and prosperity of the state. The key priorities of legal policy in the sphere of patriotic upbringing are formulated taking into account the challenges and threats that are relevant to Russia.

Discussion and conclusion. The study substantiates the position that legal policy, being a strategic, systemic, multi-subject and scientifically substantiated activity in the field of law, allows not only to unite the efforts of both public authorities and civil society institutions in the creation and implementation of conditions for patriotic upbringing, but also to integrate into a single, comprehensive legal strategy law-making, law-implementation, law-interpretation, educational and other activities in the field of patriotic upbringing due to the fact that these areas of activity act as forms of implementation of the legal policy itself.

Introduction. The problem of extraterritoriality of the application of American law and, in particular, constitutional norms has become especially relevant in recent decades in connection with the adoption and application of a number of regulations whose effect extends directly beyond the borders of the United States and significantly affects the interests of independent states. In this regard, scholars and legal practitioners often turn to this issue to determine what is the legal basis for the application of extraterritoriality, as well as what judicial and doctrinal approaches to resolving this issue exist in the United States of America itself. It should be noted that some states understand the principle of extraterritoriality very broadly, when a state goes beyond its own jurisdiction. A similar situation is observed in the United States. In this article, authors turn to the history of the extraterritoriality of legal norms in the United States, analyze in detail the practice of the Supreme Court and identify different vectors of development of this concept in American law and judicial practice.

Materials and methods. During the study, general scientific methods were used, including methods of cognition, description, analysis and special methods, such as comparative legal, formal legal, structural legal.

Reseach results. The study showed that despite the long history of resolving the issue of extraterritoriality of a number of American legal norms, the vector of development of this concept has changed significantly over time, which is directly confirmed by the corresponding analysis of the practice of the US Supreme Court and a number of lower courts. The modern trend is to use more balanced approaches that take into account a variety of factors, such as the territory of the act and the citizenship of the party.

Discussion and conclusion. The conducted research revealed that increasing attention is being paid to the analysis of the issue of the balance of power in the system of separation of powers, as well as to issues of national security in connection with the development of the concept of extraterritoriality. The development of the judicial practice of the Supreme Court of the United States has a significant impact on the activities of executive authorities and affects the standards for resolving judicial disputes in lower courts. When resolving the issue of extraterritoriality, it is very important to maintain modern diplomatic approaches and, in particular, to maintain the principle of reciprocity and not to create a threat to the sovereignty of other states.

Introduction. The article examines the powers of the Eurasian Economic Commission (hereinafter referred to as the EEC) and the European Commission (hereinafter referred to as the EC) in the field of control (supervision) over the implementation of integration legal orders by member states and business entities, their scope, limits of competence, and impact on the development of integration processes in the Eurasian Economic Union (hereinafter referred to as the EAEU) and the European Union (hereinafter referred to as the EU), as well as the role of the courts of the relevant integration associations in the implementation of the function under consideration by the Commissions. In addition, the author reviewed and analyzed the relevant law enforcement practice of the EEC and the EC, as well as the legal positions of the courts of the integration associations in question.

Materials and methods. This study uses the works of both Russian and foreign experts in the field of European law and the law of the EAEU, as well as analyzes the legal acts of the EU and the EAEU. The research used general scientific methods of cognition – analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction. Special legal methods were also used in the work – formal legal, technical legal, the method of legal analogy, as well as the comparative legal method.

Results of the study. As a result of the conducted research, it was revealed that despite the functioning of the EAEU for more than 10 years, there are certain problems in the activities of the EEC for the control (supervision) of the implementation by member States and economic entities of the EAEU law. In particular: the inability to apply to the EAEU Court with an application to bring to justice a member state that violated the norms of the EAEU law; the absence of a procedure in the law of the EAEU for prior notification of the EEC on acts adopted by the member States; the presence of fragmentation in the legal regulation of the EEC's control (supervisory) function over the implementation of the EAEU law by economic entities. The identified problems make it difficult for the EEC to effectively perform its duties in the part under consideration, and therefore they can be resolved through, inter alia, using the positive experience of the European Commission in exercising control (supervisory) powers over the implementation of European Union law.

Discussion and conclusion. The presence of the problems indicated in the article in the field of the EEC's control (supervisory) powers necessitates the introduction of comprehensive amendments to the EAEU Treaty, acts of the EAEU bodies, as well as the issuance of new acts that will regulate issues that have not been regulated by the EAEU law to date. Thus, based on the results of a comparative legal analysis of the powers, the author identified problems and formulated conclusions on the similarities and differences in the legal status of the EEC and the EC in terms of their exercise of control (supervisory) powers. The trends in the development of the law enforcement practice of the Commissions in terms of the fulfillment by member States and business entities of obligations within the framework of relevant integration associations are determined. The ways of improving the implementation of the control (supervisory) function by the Eurasian Economic Commission on the basis of the identified positive experience of the European Union are presented.

Introduction. The article provides a comprehensive criminal law study of remote crimes. The modern doctrine of criminal law in this field is analyzed. It is established that the opinions of modern scientists regarding the legal understanding of the category of "remote crime" differ. Some authors reveal this category through theft committed using various achievements of the IT industry, which we recognize as a narrow approach. Other researchers rightly expand the boundaries of the remote method of criminal activity, bringing under the category of "remote crime" any crime that is prohibited by criminal law and excludes direct physical contact between the victim and the subject of the crime. In this regard, it is proved that remote crimes, which today form a separate independent group of a wide variety of socially dangerous acts, are endowed with special legally significant signs.

Materials and methods. Are presented by referring to the modern doctrine of criminal law, criminology and the practice of applying criminal law in law enforcement, as well as the complex use of such general scientific methods as dialectics, logic, comparison, juxtaposition, induction, deduction, generalization, division, as well as the following private scientific methods of cognition: comparative legal, formal-logical, system-structural, content analysis and mathematical.

Research results. The analysis made it possible to consider theoretical and legal approaches to the interpretation of remote crimes, clarify the concept of remote crimes in modern criminal law, study modern judicial practice on the issues of applied interpretation and criminal qualification of remote crimes, identify and characterize the key objective and subjective signs of these crimes, focus on the increasing criminogenic potential of crimes committed at a distance and their increased public danger to ordinary citizens, so it is for the security of society and the state as a whole.

Discussion and conclusion. Remote crimes are a special kind of socially dangerous acts prohibited by criminal law, committed in conditions of territorial separation between the subject of the crime and the object of the crime (victim), as well as characterized by the absence of direct physical contact between them, including with full or partial mediation of criminal actions (inaction). The signs that distinguish remote crimes from other types of crimes are accumulated in the objective side and characterize a special method and a special environment in which a socially dangerous act finds its development.

Introduction. In this article, the author provides a general overview of the origins of the right to social security and then examines the main distinguishing features of the International Labour Organization (ILO) “Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention” (Convention 102). In addition, a brief description of the accompanying Recommendation 202 is given, as well as a concise description of the Organization's control mechanism. The author also highlights some of the advantages and disadvantages inherent in the above-mentioned international legal instruments.

Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study is constituted by such general theoretical methods as the formal-logical method, analysis and synthesis. In addition to those listed above, the work used specific scientific legal methods, namely, historical and comparative legal.

Results of the study. The author comes to the conclusion that Convention 102 can rightfully be called a fundamental universal international legal instrument in the field of social security, in development of the provisions of which Recommendation 202 was adopted in 2012. At the same time, the Convention has certain shortcomings, the main one of which, in the author’s opinion, is the disproportionality of the definition of a “standard beneficiary” in relation to all existing types of social security.

Discussion and conclusion. It is concluded that Convention 102 establishes minimum figures for states on the main qualitative and quantitative indicators of social protection of the population, but at the same time provides countries with the opportunity to independently determine the ways to achieve the latter. The author made a proposal to modify the definition of “standard beneficiary” by extending it to men and women for all types of social protection, as well as excluding the mandatory condition of the presence of children or a spouse.

Introduction. The problem of the digital divide appeared in the 21st century as a result of the dynamic spread of digital technologies and it very soon became the center of numerous studies and scientific discussions. Today the digital divide is considered to be an urgent socio-economic problem that is widely discussed in the scientific community both in the context of asymmetric access to the social infrastructure (in the context of unequal access to education, healthcare, socially significant information through the use of communication technologies) and in the context of the impact of the digital divide on various significant aspects of a person’s life. The impact of the digital divide is felt in the real and monetary spheres, at the level of individuals and at the level of society, in the markets of goods and services. In this article, we suppose to analyze the impact of the digital divide on the development of network markets (using the example of the video services market).

Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study consists of the following research methods: the method of comparative analysis; the method of synthesis; the method of complex analysis of the socio-economic phenomenon; the method of formal logic; the statistical method.

Reseach results. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that the digital divide affects the development of network markets in several directions: the dynamics of growth through the possibility of access and the content of potential consumers; the speed of the distribution of network externalities through an increase in the number of consumers; the consumption structure and attributes of network goods through product personalization, taking into account the specifics of a particular digital divide.

Discussion and conclusions. As a result, the article states the necessity to take into account the factors of the digital divide influence both on a company operating in the video services market and on a country interested in the development of the video services market. Considering these factors will allow them to be used in order to optimize the behavior of players in this market. Among the problems hindering the more dynamic development of the video services market in Russia, in addition to the standard challenges (income level, specifics of the digital divide, price limits), it should be noted the continuing negative experience of illegitimate players’ behavior in the market, representing some sort of an institutional trap.

Introduction. In the context of the transformation of the international relations system and the world's movement towards a multipolar structure, Russian-Chinese relations have received a new impetus for development. The confrontation with the Western countries has opened a window of opportunity for deepening economic cooperation between the two countries. Despite the growth in trade turnover recorded in 2023, there remain areas of partnership with significant potential. At the same time, one of the main problems facing Russian-Chinese cooperation at the present stage is the shortage of competent personnel and the low level of knowledge of Russians and Chinese about each other.

The article presents the results of sociological surveys conducted among Chinese students and specialists, which revealed their attitude towards cooperation with Russia. The surveys showed that young Chinese are interested in the development of Russian-Chinese relations, especially in the field of infrastructure projects. The study, conducted by MGIMO with the support of the CITIC Foundation, Beijing Normal University and China’s University of International Relations, identified the most promising areas for cooperation between the two countries.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the current state and prospects of bilateral economic cooperation in some areas based on the results of sociological surveys of Chinese citizens of various age groups. 

Materials and methods. In the course of the work, such methods of scientific knowledge as analysis, synthesis, generalization, analogy, induction, deduction, forecasting were used; sociological surveys were conducted. Foreign and Russian scientific articles, statistical data, and media publications devoted to various aspects of the development of bilateral projects between Russia and China were used as research materials.

Research results. The analysis of the data obtained revealed that the majority of respondents consider infrastructure sectors to be the most promising for cooperation between the two countries, and public-private partnership (PPP) is perceived as an effective mechanism for implementing Russian-Chinese infrastructure projects.

Discussion and conclusion. The study showed that in the face of Western pressure on Russia and China, the two countries should deepen economic cooperation. The transformation of the world order and the growing influence of developing countries create favorable conditions for increasing cooperation. Chinese youth are interested in joint projects in the fields of infrastructure, transport, energy, manufacturing, agriculture, science, and tourism. The key role in the success of such cooperation is played by the training of qualified personnel. It is necessary to develop not only trade and economic ties, but also cultural, social, scientific and educational relations.

Introduction. SDG 16, one of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2015, aims to build peaceful inclusive societies for sustainable development, ensure equitable access to justice everywhere, and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels. The subject of the study is characteristic features of the current progress in the realization of SDG 16 targets, as well as identifying further prospects for its achievement at the global level. The relevance of the study stems from the fact that SDG 16, like all other SDGs, is critical to ensuring a prosperous future for all humankind, yet SDG 16 is one of the goals where progress has been very slow and some indicators have regressed. The aim of the study is to analyze the available statistical data on the results of the implementation of SDG 16, to identify current obstacles to its achievement, and to characterize future prospects taking into account the current realities.

Materials and Methods. The study is based on the analysis of statistical data on the performance of the world community in the process of achieving the SDGs, such as the Global Sustainable Development Report, the Global SDG 16 Progress Reports for 2023 and 2024.

Research results. Based on the analysis, the article offers conclusions about the main reasons that hinder progress towards SDG 16, including the persistently high level of violence, the problem of data quality and accessibility, lack of funding.

Discussion and Conclusion. The results suggest that achieving the stated goals of SDG 16 by 2030 is highly unlikely, so the global community needs to address the current funding and data quality issues as soon as possible, and to ensure greater consistency between approaches in measuring progress towards SDG 16.

Introduction. The article examines the existing mechanisms of adaptation of labor migrants in Russia. Based on the analysis of regulatory documents and the practice of implementing various solutions (from migrant cards to special information applications), conclusions are drawn about successes and shortcomings, and recommendations are given for the further development and improvement of these mechanisms.

Materials and methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is the works of domestic and foreign scientists, as well as reports and datasets from leading international organizations, in particular the International Organization for Migration (IOM) and the Advisory Committee on Migration Policy of the EEC. The work uses elements of the theory of digital communication, as well as classical theories of migration. In particular, the theories of Everett S.Lee, M. Prior, H.G. Duncan, V. Zelinsky and S.N. Eisenstadt used methods of induction, deduction, generalization, synthesis, and comparison to conduct system analysis.

Research results. During the conducted research, an analysis of the regulatory framework was carried out, in particular, the provisions of Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 2018 No. 622 "On the Concept of the State Migration Policy of the Russian Federation for 2019-2025" (recent amendments and additions dated May 12, 2023)

In addition, it was found that the main digital Mobile and Internet applications are the tools for the adaptation of migrants to Russian society. Among the most successful projects, it is worth noting the work of multifunctional centers and the creation of an electronic migrant card. It has been established that many tools do not work effectively enough. The main reasons are the complex legal language and the lack of translation, the applications are fragmented, there are no clear methodological instructions, there are regulatory and technical limitations.

Discussion and conclusion. All the tools and resources used today for the adaptation of migrants in Russia operate separately. It is important to emphasize that increasing the number of platforms and applications will not solve the problem of effective use of digital technologies in this matter. It is necessary to create a network of quality resources linked to each other, each resource must provide a certain direction (legislative information, migrant status, access to services, etc.) so that when using them, a foreign citizen understands the relevance of the information provided and easily gets access to the services offered.