Introduction. The article analyzes the antiRussian activities of Marx and Engels during the "Spring of Nations" (1848-1849) and the Crimean War (1853-1856). The subject of the study is the texts of Marx and Engels before 1847, the period of the "Union of Communists" (1847-1852), the period of the Crimean War and the Paris Congress (1853- 1856), as well as some later texts. The aim of the study is to take a new look at the role of Marx and Engels in the information war against the Russian Empire, to identifying signs of the identity of the antiRussian strategies and goals of the Communists (the counter-elite of Western civilization), (counter-elites of Western civilization), the most aggressive representatives of the military and political elites of the British Empire towards Russia, and the international financial consortium formed after the Vienna Congress with headquarters in London, which became after the Napoleonic Wars, the center of Western civilization.

Materials and methods. The research is based on the collected works of Marx and Engels in Russian and German; the testimonies of contemporaries of The Spring of the Peoples and the Crimean War; several modern biographical monographs by Western authors; domestic and Western studies on the Crimean War and other materials. The research methodology is based on a civilizational approach in the context of a systematic analysis of international relations. Within the framework of this methodology, the following methods were also used to analyze the factual material: historical-genetic method (retrospective analysis), comparative-historical method, historical-biographical method, descriptive method, prosopographic method, and textual analysis.

Research results. The results obtained allow us to take a new look at the participation of Marx and Engels in the information war of Western civilization against Russian civilization during the Crimean War; to clarify the periods of their anti-Russian propaganda activities. Taking these data into account, the genesis of Marx and Engels' anti-Slavic and antiRussian attitudes is presented in a new light.

Discussion and conclusion. The article identifies the prerequisites and causes of the formation of the anti-Russian paradigm of the West, which was fully established by the beginning of the Crimean War, and the role of Marx and Engels in shaping this paradigm. The term "russo odium" is proposed to describe the West's hatred towards Russia and the Russians. Parallels are drawn with the current information war of the West against Russia. Many of the research findings are presented for the first time.

Introduction. This article analyzes the role of the ideological factor in global politics during the formation of a multicentric world, in the context of the multi-vector nature and contradictory methods of analyzing the role of ideology in contemporary international relations in Western academic thought. In the context of Donald Trump's transition in the US Republican administration's foreign policy, following the start of the military operation against Iran in March 2026, from the "Make America Great Again" ideology to the ideological views of right-wing neoconservatism, the largely decisive influence of ideology on foreign policy and, ultimately, on international relations as a whole is revealed.

Materials and methods. In preparing this article, we employed structural-functional and comparative analysis, expert, statistical, formal-logical, and systemic methods, as well as a comparative-historical approach to a comprehensive interdisciplinary study of empirical data. This allows us, in the current context of a well-known rethinking of the role of ideology in world politics, to formulate a vision of the formation of an ideological basis for the processes underlying the emergence of a new architecture for a multicentric world order that is relevant to the times.

Research results. As an independent scientific discipline, the ideological analysis of international relations is still in its infancy. The lack of a comprehensive approach is primarily due to interparadigmatic disagreements—ontological, epistemological, methodological, and linguistic—which, to a certain extent, hinders the creation of a unified interdisciplinary research paradigm.

Discussion and conclusion. Research into the methods of understanding contemporary international relations has shown that ideology, regardless of its form and manifestations, is a fundamental element determining the dynamics of world politics. Without understanding the ideological subtext of states' actions, it is impossible to adequately analyze and predict their behavior on the global stage. Many currents of international thought, such as realism, liberalism, nationalism, conservatism, and neoconservatism, are directly or indirectly related to international relations, touching on fundamental concepts, including national interest, sovereignty, and power.

Introduction. The article provides an analysis of the domestic and foreign policy agenda of the current US President Donald Trump. The purpose of the work is to identify the correspondence between the declared values of the "conservative renaissance" and the actual policies of the American leader.

Materials and methods. In the process of preparing the analytical material for publication, classical methods of scientific cognition were widely used: analysis, synthesis, abstraction, generalization, analogy, etc. The methodological basis of this research was formed by general scientific and special methods: the method of system analysis, formal-legal, comparativelegal, logical, etc.

Results of the study. The authors of the study note the rapid evolution of the American president's political views, which is driven by his "God complex." This manifests itself in a strong bias towards foreign policy activities and the restoration of US hegemony in the international arena. In parallel with this new wave of imperialism, there is a systematic shift away from domestic politics, exemplified by the "conservative renaissance" that Donald Trump championed during his successful presidential campaign.

Discussion and conclusion. The study showed that the policies pursued by the 47th President of the United States are fundamentally at odds with the declared values of the "conservative renaissance." This means that the "conservative" renaissance was merely a part of the campaigning strategy aimed at securing Donald Trump's victory in the 2024 presidential election. Trump's goal was to mobilize the entire conservative-leaning segment of the American electorate, which primarily consists of Protestants from various denominations. After the election victory, the "conservative renaissance" gradually disappeared from the agenda, and the American leader's focus shifted to foreign policy.

Introduction. Federal Law No. 282-FZ of 31 July 2025 added a new article – 2941 (“Unlawful performance of investigative, other procedural actions and operational search measures in the territory of the Russian Federation”) to the RF Criminal Code. This publication represents a commentary thereon, with an emphasis on its application to activities in cyberspace. It highlights the circumstances of the enactment and international legal aspects of the novel norm, analyzes the elements of the criminal offence, specificities of proceedings on it, as well as its effect in the context of the UN Convention against Cybercrime1.

Materials and methods. The article explores the relevant treaties and customary international law, soft law, as well as domestic and foreign laws and regulations. It is also sourced from jurisprudence and legal practices of interstate, domestic and foreign law enforcement authorities, as well as scholarly literature. The applied methodology includes the formal legal and comparative methods, methods of systemic and structural analysis, and synthesis of social and legal phenomena.

Results of the study. The new legal norm constitutes a blocking statute aimed at precluding application in the territory of the enacting state of a law made by a foreign jurisdiction, and proceeds from the legal fiction of the “territorialization” of cyberspace. The spotlight on the problem of extraneous law enforcement on Russian soil was turned due to the special military operation and concomitant risks of the adversaries illegitimately exfiltrating evidence from its territory, for understandable reasons primarily in a remote virtual mode with no boots on the ground. The Russian law as a trailblazer goes beyond what its foreign counterparts have managed to regulate so far, which in the long term can be expected to contribute to the progressive development of international law as well.

Discussion and conclusion. The actus reus is accomplished directly by a foreign or international official themselves or indirectly through the agency of a proxy and should not be made conditional on the finalization of the action or ultimate use of its product in proof, or the availability of its written or audiovisual record. The defendant official’s immunity is examined, invoked or waived and determined according to the rules of domestic and general international law. However, customary international law tends to proceed from the absence of immunity in cases of such acts, which violate territorial sovereignty and are similar to offences of espionage. The mens rea premises that an offender acts with “triple” direct intent to perform the proscribed law enforcement or judicial measure and to breach the established procedure for its performance, as well as to pursue the purpose that runs counter to the interests of Russia; it also includes the mandatory scienter element of the location – knowingly within the Russian territory – of the individual targeted by the defendant's activity through the use of telecommunications. The offence can be detected and its perpetrators can be brought to justice by various methods and means described in the article. The neutralization of certain “extraterritorial backdoors” contained in the Hanoi Cybercrime Convention should be carried out primarily at the national statutory and law enforcement level, which Russia did by adopting the law at issue. Although the Convention does not cover the conduct or responsibility of states, its provisions regarding the obligations of states to cooperate with respect to acts criminalized by the Convention (in particular, illegal access or interception) may well be applied by states that have been injured by and are investigating the relevant illegal unilateral cross-border actions of specific state actors and their proxies, taking account of the applicable procedures for engaging international legal immunities.

Introduction. The issue of legal privileges is one of the most controversial in legal scholarship and public consciousness, where they are often perceived as synonymous with injustice and a violation of the principle of equality. However, this simplistic view ignores their systemic role in ensuring the stability, effectiveness, and very existence of the legal order. The goal of this study is an axiological analysis of the institution of legal privileges, allowing us to overcome their negative interpretation and identify the value-based foundations justifying their existence as a functional instrument of legal regulation.

Based on this, the study aims to integrate the phenomenon of privilege into general legal theory, showing it not as an anomaly, but as an integral component of a complex mechanism for balancing key social values. This approach allows us to systematize privileges according to their functional purpose and determine the conditions for maintaining their legitimacy in the context of social dynamics.

Materials and methods. The following approaches were used: an axiological method applied to identify the hierarchy of values underlying various types of privileges; a comparative legal analysis of international and national regulations; a formal legal method for studying the construction of privileges in positive law; a historical-legal method for addressing concepts of natural law; and a sociological approach for examining privileges as social instruments. The material was drawn from scientific doctrines, regulatory legal acts, and current socio-legal contexts.

Research results. The study demonstrated that privileges have a sound justification, rooted in the core principles of the legal system itself. It was found that privileges serve specific and socially beneficial purposes, rather than being mere deviations from general rules. Their existence is justified by the need to protect vital social institutions, ensure genuine equality for those in need, and encourage behavior that is beneficial to society.

The study's findings also demonstrate that the meaning of privileges and attitudes toward them are determined not by the privilege itself, but by a clear connection to a socially significant goal and the alignment of the benefits provided with the objective for which they were established. Their legitimacy and public acceptance are maintained only when they are perceived as instruments for the public good, not for personal gain. It is important to understand that this balance shifts as society develops, requiring constant attention and timely adjustments from legislators and law enforcement. Discussion and conclusion. Privileges have a sound value justification and are necessary for achieving justice and efficiency in a complex society. Their legitimacy stems from both universal notions of justice and the practical challenges facing current legislation. The main difficulty is that social conditions are constantly changing, requiring a continuous reassessment of the balance between granting special treatment and upholding the principle of equality.

Privileges do not constitute a denial of equality. On the contrary, they serve as one means of effectively ensuring it, as they are aimed at protecting key public interests and functions. Thus, examining special rights through the prism of the value-based foundations of law allows them to be seamlessly integrated into the model of a just legal system.

Introduction. The article examines the specifics of law enforcement in criminal cases initiated in the field of legal relations related to the calculation and payment of legally established taxes. Since 2001, the state's criminal policy in the field of tax crime has been consistently adjusted towards liberalization. Complex legislative formulations, procedural procedures, the need for interdepartmental coordination of materials containing signs of tax crimes significantly reduce the preventive significance of the criminal law prohibition, as well as provoke taxpayers to use illegal tax minimization schemes.
Materials and methods. In the course of writing the work, a set of general scientific, formal-logical methods was used (including methods of cognition, description, analysis, induction, deduction, comparison, analogy, systematization, modeling) and special methods (formal-legal, historical, comparative-legal, structural-legal methods; the method of content analysis of official documents that determine the procedure and grounds for initiating criminal cases on tax crimes).
Research results. An analysis of criminal and
criminal procedure legislation in the field of tax crimes showed the low efficiency of operationalsearch and criminal procedure activities, as well as the presence of constant «windows» of opportunities for taxpayers to evade liability provided for by law.
The constant increase in the thresholds of large and especially large tax evasion, more than modest statute of limitations for criminal liability for tax crimes, as well as other factors, indicate that the priority is the financial and economic component, namely, compensation for damage caused to the state, and not means of criminal repression.
Discussion and conclusion. The study showed that a number of current legislative norms of Russian legislation in the field of tax crimes create conditions for the use of schemes for illegal tax optimization. In the context of unprecedented sanctions pressure on the economy and financial system of the Russian Federation, compliance with tax discipline, as well as timely and full payment of taxes, become a condition for the survival of the state and the preservation of its sovereignty.
In connection with the above, amendments to the current legislation have been proposed aimed at increasing the effectiveness of measures of criminal law protection of the tax sphere.

Introduction. In the context of rapid digitalization of social and economic processes, cross-border cybercrime is becoming more systematic and organized. Digital fraud originating from the countries of the so-called "golden triangle" of Southeast Asia is of particular interest in this area.: Laos, Cambodia and Myanmar. The purpose of this study is to identify patterns of transformation of the Chinese approach from predominantly unilateral restrictive measures to the formation of a system of economic incentives aimed at developing sustainable regional cooperation.

Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the research was made up of both general scientific and special legal methods of cognition. In particular, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, as well as methods of abstraction and generalization were used. Within the framework of special legal tools, comparative legal and formal legal methods were used, which made it possible to compare the norms of the legislation of the People's Republic of China and the states of Southeast Asia in the field of countering digital fraud.

Research results. The analysis revealed the complex, multi-level architecture of the Chinese model of countering cross-border digital fraud. An essential feature of this model is that the fight against digital fraud is considered not only as a law enforcement task, but also as a tool for the socio-economic development of partner countries.

Discussion and conclusion. The results of the study indicate that the Chinese model of countering cross-border digital fraud reflects a qualitatively new stage in the development of international legal cooperation in the digital age. Unlike classical approaches, it focuses on long-term institutional cooperation and the formation of common regulatory standards. The use of economic incentives along with legal mechanisms makes it possible not only to increase the effectiveness of law enforcement, but also to eliminate the structural prerequisites for cybercrime.

Introduction. The article examines the impact of the apartheid regime on the legal system of the Republic of South Africa. Apartheid was not merely a political regime but a comprehensive system of legal regulation based on racial discrimination. The relevance of the study is determined by the need for theoretical and legal understanding of how political practice can transform the legal structure of a state, undermining the universalism of legal values.

Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study consists of general scientific and special legal methods: historical-legal, comparativelegal, formal-legal, systemic-structural analysis. The empirical basis includes legislative acts of South Africa during the apartheid period (1948–1994), the constitutions of 1961 and 1983, case law of the Appellate Division and decisions related to the restriction of detainees' rights, as well as doctrinal sources from South African, British, and American researchers.

Results of the study. It is established that apartheid institutionalized legal differentiation through three main mechanisms: land laws (reservation of territories exclusively for the white population), labor laws (the “job reservation” system, which secured skilled jobs for whites), laws on movement and social segregation (the pass system, separate education, prohibition of mixed marriages). The constitutions of 1961 and 1983 enshrined the racial principle of state construction. The judiciary, formally independent, actually served as an instrument for implementing discriminatory norms, refusing to apply natural law principles and limiting constitutional review. The creation of bantustans (pseudo-states for the African population) demonstrated an attempt to legally justify racial segregation through the concept of “separate development.”

Discussion and conclusion. The South African legal system during the apartheid period represents an example of the transformation of law from a universal regulator into an instrument for consolidating the domination of one group over another. The apartheid regime intensified the internal conflict of South Africa's mixed legal system by superimposing a discriminatory regime on the Romano-Dutch and English legal heritage. Economic contradictions, international isolation, and internal resistance led to the collapse of apartheid and the transition to a democratic model enshrined in the 1996 Constitution. South Africa's experience demonstrates that the legal system is not a neutral instrument and can be used to institutionalize inequality.

Introduction. The principle of ensuring the protection of the marine environment belongs to the sphere of integrated international legal regulation. The simultaneous affiliation of the legal standards of such protection with international maritime and environmental law makes it possible to create interstate treaties that include various forms of cooperation on the conservation of water resources. The direct effect of the sovereignty of states in relation to ships with national affiliation and in certain maritime spaces strengthens the control over the fulfillment of obligations under such treaties.

Materials and methods. The text uses the content of international legal acts on the protection of the marine environment and biological diversity, a number of scientific works of Russian and foreign jurists on this topic. The methodology of scientific study is represented by methods of analysis and synthesis, comparative law and formal logic.

Results of the study. The 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea establishes that pollution of the marine environment is associated with the direct or indirect introduction of substances or energy into it, which leads or can lead to such harmful consequences as harm to living resources and life at sea, danger to human health, interference with navigation, etc. The authors determine the risks of marine pollution with petroleum products and plastic; features of interstate cooperation in this area are taken into account. The individual and the marine environment are considered in the 2023 Agreement on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity in interaction, which is also associated with the maintenance of traditional forms of habitat of indigenous peoples and communities.

Discussion and conclusion. The focus of special attention of the world community is the clarification of the dangers of a particular type of pollution of the marine environment as the consequences of shipping, transportation of liquid liquids, discharges from land and atmospheric transport, underwater development of resources. The issues of the use of biotechnology against plastic pollution of the World Ocean have been studied separately. The authors consider the adoption of international legal standards for the use of such biotechnologies and the application of a unified ecosystem approach to the conservation of marine biodiversity to be a significant point of protection.

Introduction. The article analyzes the main approaches to the regulation of the legal relations in the sphere of international investment exchange within BRICS at the current stage both bilateral and multilateral, as well as the prospects of establishing the single international legal base on the matters of investment exchange within BRICS.

Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study was formed by the following general scientific and special methods of understanding legal and economic phenomena and processes in the field of international law and international economy: the method of system-structural analysis; the formallogical method; the method of synthesis of socio-legal and socio-economic phenomena; the comparativelegal method; the statistical method.

Results of the study. The study showed that, despite the existing diversity and differences in approaches to establishing a legal regime in the field of international investment relations, BRICS has prospects for the formation of a common international legal and institutional framework.

Discussion and conclusion. The main approaches to the regulation of the legal relations in the sphere of international investment exchange within BRICS at the current stage both bilateral and multilateral were observed. The prospects of establishing the single international legal base on the matters of investment exchange within BRICS were scrutinized.

Introduction. The legal status of workers in Brazil has been traditionally associated with the processes of industrialization and policies of the Vargas Era (1930-1945). During this period, the foundation of labor legislation was established with the adoption of the Labor Code in 1943, but the preconditions for its development had been established over several centuries during the colonial period, years of the Empire, and the First Republic. To date, no comprehensive study has been conducted in Russian or foreign historical and legal research on the entire evolution of worker's legal status in Brazil prior to 1930. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of early steps leading up to the establishment of Brazilian workers' legal status prior to the 1930 Revolution, determine the role played by sociopolitical factors in its formation, and identify key stages in this process.

Materials and methods. The study employs such methods as dialectical, formal-legal, and systemic analysis. These methods allow for the identification of the relationship between legal norms and historical context. The source base includes legal acts from colonial, imperial and republican periods, including royal charters and decrees, the Brazilian Empire's Constitution of 1824, the Republic's Constitution 1891, Brazilian Empire laws and First Republic laws, as well as several decrees issued from 1881 to 1938 regulating certain aspects of workers' legal status.

Research results. The analysis reveals three key stages in the pre-revolutionary history of the legal status of workers in Brazil: the colonial period (1500- 1822), characterized by the prevalence of forced labor and the application of Portuguese laws aimed at maintaining involuntary labor; the imperial period (1822-1889), which saw the abolition of slavery and the transition of former slaves into the class of wage laborers without accompanying systemic guarantees; and the era of the First Republic (1889-1930), characterized by incomplete and fragmented regulation of the legal status of workers, lacking codification and systematization of workers' rights.

Discussion and conclusion. The main conclusion is that the process of establishing the legal status of workers in Brazil has been evolutionary. The study highlights the influence of socio-political factors on legislative processes in the area of labor. These findings are significant for understanding general trends in labor law formation and development in Latin American countries, and can be used for comparative legal research.

Introduction. The article examines the modernization of the North American free trade area. Since the mid-1990s, NAFTA has become the largest free trade area in the world, covering wide areas of economic cooperation between the participating countries, including those that had not previously been covered by a free trade area. Despite the economic advantages obtained under NAFTA the countries under pressure from the American administration concluded a new USMCA agreement. The author has conducted a comparative analysis of the main articles of the NAFTA and USMCA agreements, and summarized the results of the 25-year operation of NAFTA and the 5-year operation of USMCA.

Materials and methods. The author uses analytical methods of processing statistical information as well as methods of generalization, synthesis, and comparative analysis. Literature on the topic of the study from the database of the World Trade Organization (WTO), the World Bank, UNCTAD and the International Trade Center are also used.

Research results. A study has been conducted to determine the impact of the participation of the United States, Canada and Mexico on the dynamics of regional and national GDPs, per capita incomes. The dynamics of total and mutual exports, as well as the share of mutual exports in the total exports of North American countries, are analyzed using graphic material. The impact of deepening integration interaction on the inflow of FDI into the North American economy has also been determined. The analysis made it possible to draw conclusions about the advantages and remaining challenges in the integration process.

Discussion and conclusion. The main conclusions obtained by the author in the framework of the conducted research are: (1) If the NAFTA was based on strategic factors, then the USMCA has been based on economic factors, the main of which is the elimination of the deficit in the American trade balance with Canada and Mexico; (2) An assessment of the results of NAFTA's 25-year operation and USMCA's 5-year operation showed that the deepening of integration interdependence had a positive impact on the dynamics of foreign trade, increased investment attractiveness and increased volumes of attracted FDI in all partner countries, as well as moderate growth in national GDPs and per capita incomes, and employment growth in certain sectors of the economy. (3) There are still many challenges in the USMCA, including restrictions on mutual trade in certain goods and illegal migration of Mexicans to the United States. Thus, restrictions on the car trade have the most negative impact, which negatively affects the decline in the competitiveness of automotive products, a reduction in production and exports, as well as an increase in the unemployment rate in the American and Mexican automotive industries. Ultimately, this, together with other challenges, slows down the dynamics of economic growth.

Introduction. The study presents the formation and evolution of the institutional and legal framework for public-private partnership (PPP) in Turkey from the early concession practices during the republican period to a multi-level system of generally accepted BOT, BOO, BLT and ToR models, used in the infrastructure projects implementation in a wide range of industries. The article also discusses the main directions of the support system for the development of the PPP in the Republic of Turkey. The existing elements of promoting PPP projects make it possible to reduce transaction costs and manage project uncertainty.

Materials and methods. The authors of the article analyzed specific laws and by-laws, which made it possible to determine the sequence of eliminating the legal uncertainty of the 1990s and the transition to the conclusion of contracts based on private law with arbitration clauses and risk allocation in accordance with international standards. Methods of synthesis, generalization and description, based on the study of regulatory features and the existing management system of the PPP sector in the Republic of Turkey, were used as the methodological basis of the study.

Results of the study. During the research process, the authors managed to identify the priority infrastructure sectors that formed the basis of the PPP project portfolio, individual measures and areas of support for projects, as well as institutional elements of the PPP management system, including the role of the Presidential Investment Office and the Strategic Budget Department. The study allows to conclude that the lack of unified PPP-law is compensated by a stable set of laws and procedures that ensure the reproducibility of transactions and their fiscal controllability. And the maturity of the PPP mechanisms itself in Turkey is also reflected in its adaptability to the challenges of the 2010-2020s while maintaining competition for private capital.

Discussion and conclusion. To date, a multilevel organizational system has been formed in the Republic of Turkey to ensure the development of the Public-Private Partnership. The country has a largely comprehensive toolkit for implementing projects under various PPP models. Each individual PPP project in the process of its structuring may fall under the influence of one or several laws at once, depending on the its PPP contract model. At the same time, the general principles of implementation are more often provided by by-laws. And the accumulated experience and the formed system of support from the government of the Republic of Turkey compensates for the actual absence of unified PPP-law.

Introduction. This article focuses on the political and socioeconomic processes influencing the residential real estate markets in Moscow and Dubai, as well as price dynamics. The residential real estate market is of interest to both professional investors and private individuals. The latter use the purchase of real estate not only as an investment tool, but also to simultaneously obtain passive income and/or residence.

Material and methods. This paper utilized a combination of general scientific and formal logical methods (including methods of cognition, description, analysis, induction, deduction, comparison, analogy, systematization, and modeling), as well as content analysis.

Research results. The article analyzes the cost dynamics of the residential real estate markets in Moscow and Dubai over the past 20 years, highlighting their similarities and differences. Both cities have experienced significant price fluctuations under the influence of global economic crises, oil price shocks and geopolitical events. The Moscow market, like the Dubai market, exhibits volatility driven by external economic factors, including foreign capital flows and macroeconomic instability. The study examines key factors affecting price movements such as financial crises (2008), oil price collapse (2014), COVID-19 pandemic (2020) and geopolitical shifts (2022).

Discussion and conclusion. Comparative analysis of price trends shows that the real estate markets in Moscow and Dubai are fluctuating, both markets remain subject to external economic and geopolitical influences, which makes them attractive but risky investment destinations.

Introduction. This article investigates the transformation of integration processes in the global economy under the influence of intensifying deglobalisation trends. The relevance of the topic stems from a fundamental shift in the global economic landscape, where the epoch of hyper-globalisation has given way to a phase of protectionism, geopolitical fragmentation, and a crisis of multilateral institutions. The aim of the work is to identify the key directions of the structural reorganisation of the system of international economic relations. To achieve this aim, the article addresses the following tasks: a theoretical interpretation of the phenomenon of deglobalisation as a structural trend at the current stage of world economic development; an analysis of the dynamics of key macroeconomic indicators (global GDP growth rates, the share of exports of goods and services in GDP, the volume and structure of transboundary capital flows); an examination of changes in the system of regional trade and investment agreements; the identification of patterns in the transformation of global value chains; and an assessment of the consequences of deglobalisation for the prospects of sustainable development.

Materials and methods. The methodological framework of the study comprises a range of general scientific and specialised methods, including a systems approach, comparative and statistical analysis, time-series analysis, and index assessment methods. The empirical basis is formed by statistical data and analytical materials from international organisations (IMF, WTO, UNCTAD, the World Bank), as well as research findings from leading academic centres. Methods of economic-statistical analysis, comparative analysis, systems approach, and graphical data interpretation for visualising long-term trends were employed for information processing.

Results of the study. The analysis establishes that the global financial crisis of 2008–2009 served as a turning point, after which globalisation processes were supplanted by a sustained trend towards deglobalisation. This is corroborated by a slowdown in global GDP growth to 3.2% in 2025, a reduction in the ratio of exports of goods and services to GDP to 56.6% in 2024, and a fundamental reconfiguration of capital flows. A sharp decline in the number of new regional trade agreements (to 2 in 2025) and international investment agreements was identified, indicating a shift from the extensive expansion of integration alliances towards their strategic consolidation and regionalisation. It was established that deglobalisation processes are accompanied by heightened economic and trade policy uncertainty, which reached historical highs in 2024–2025, as well as the progressive fragmentation of global value chains.

Discussion and conclusion. The conducted research allows for the conclusion that deglobalisation represents a sustained structural trend characterised by a systemic slowdown of integration processes, increased protectionism, and the regionalisation of economic ties. This process has a dual nature: on one hand, it creates instrumental opportunities for strengthening national economies and developing strategically significant sectors; on the other hand, it generates systemic risks associated with the fragmentation of the global economic space, reduced efficiency in resource allocation, and the undermining of the foundations of multilateral cooperation. A key manifestation of the current stage is the transformation of the integration model from universal liberalisation towards the formation of resilient regional blocs, which act as natural 'havens of safety' for their members amidst escalating geopolitical turbulence.

Introduction. This article explores the relationship between historical memory and the issue of ensuring state sovereignty. The subject of the study is international and domestic legal acts, socio-philosophical concepts, and political and legal doctrines, as well as social and legal categories such as historical memory, social memory, the historical school of law, and the process of making public and strategic decisions. The purpose of the study is to identify the role of the institution of historical memory in ensuring state sovereignty, including in strategic decision-making and state governance.

Materials and methods. The article examined the works of domestic and foreign authors. Particular emphasis was placed on materials published significantly in antiquity, as the information they contain allows for correlating it with historical events and assessing its accuracy. Of particular interest is academic literature on public international law, as it has exerted the greatest influence. Materials from disciplines related to jurisprudence—philosophy, diplomacy, political science, and general management theory—were used. The methodological basis was formed by the following general scientific and specialized methods: descriptive, historical, systems analysis, comparison, modeling, and scientific induction.

Research results. This study has defined the institution of historical memory and state sovereignty; substantiated their importance for the process of state information management, ensuring the longterm ability of the state to make and implement its decisions, take into account strategic risks, opportunities and maintain its competitiveness in the international arena, and also proved the need for their protection by political and legal methods.

Discussion and conclusion. The functioning of states and international relations are characterized by the virtual immutability of their main participants, their duration, and their subjectivity. This necessitates the continuous provision of a state information management system with information about both its own and third-party interests, risks, and opportunities, both at the level of law enforcement and law enforcement. This state capacity is inseparable from the institution of state sovereignty. Each state, taking into account its specific circumstances, independently creates an appropriate center of expertise and knowledge for these purposes. The institution of historical memory is primarily characterized by the above-mentioned functions, making it an essential tool for ensuring the process of public administration and state sovereignty.

Introduction. This article analyzes the legal mechanisms for protecting the state sovereignty of the Russian Federation in the face of growing hybrid threats. It identifies the essence and significance of the legal institutionalization of sovereignty protection as a systemforming factor in the development of mechanisms to counter hidden forms of external pressure, including informational, cybernetic, and regulatory influences.

Materials and methods. This paper utilized scientific research techniques, including analysis, synthesis, abstraction, generalization, and others. The methodological basis of the study was formed by general scientific and legal methods, including structural-functional analysis, doctrinal approach, comparative legal studies, legal interpretation, formal-legal, and logical methods.

Research results. An analysis of existing strategic documents and legislation revealed their fragmentary nature and reactive nature, as well as their insufficient adaptation to new forms of threats that defy traditional legal classification. The need for the adoption of a specialized comprehensive legal act – a Federal Doctrine for the Protection of State Sovereignty in the Face of Hybrid Threats – is substantiated, integrating provisions of constitutional, international, information, criminal, and administrative law. The specifics of legal responses to latent forms of attacks on sovereignty are identified. The advisability of establishing a specialized body – a National Center for the Legal Protection of State Sovereignty – with the authority to monitor hybrid threats and coordinate interagency cooperation is emphasized.

Discussion and conclusion. The study demonstrated that, in the face of growing hybrid threats, the development of a legal framework for the protection of state sovereignty is particularly important, as it ensures institutional resilience and the ability to systematically counter external pressure. This legal framework should be a multi-layered system, incorporating constitutional norms, federal legislation, strategic documents, and mechanisms for interagency cooperation.